Learn About the U.S. Presidential Oath of Office

Since George Washington first said the words on April 30, 1789, as prompted by Robert Livingston Chancellor of State of New York, every President of the United States has repeated the following simple presidential oath of office as part of the inauguration ceremony: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. The oath is worded and administered in accordance with Article II, Section I of the U.S. Constitution, which requires that â€Å"Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:† Who May Administer the Oath? While the Constitution does not stipulate who should administer the oath to the president, this is typically done by the Chief Justice of the United States. Constitutional law experts agree that the oath could also be administered by a judge or official of the lower federal courts. For example, 30th President Calvin Coolidge was sworn in by his father, then a Justice of the Peace and notary public in Vermont. Currently, Calvin Coolidge remains the only president to be sworn in by anyone other than a judge. Between 1789 (George Washington) and 2013 (Barack Obama), the oath has been administered by 15 Associate Justices, three federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public. Hours after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, U.S. District Court Judge Sarah T. Hughes became the first woman to administer the oath when she swore in Lyndon B. Johnson onboard Air Force One in Dallas, Texas. Forms of Administering the Oath Over the years, the presidential oath has been administered in two ways. In one form now rarely used, the person administering the oath posed it in the form of a question, as in, â€Å"Do you George Washington solemnly swear or affirm that ‘you’ will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In its modern form, the person administering the oath poses it as an affirmative statement, with the incoming president repeating it verbatim, as in, â€Å"I, Barak Obama do solemnly ‘swear’ or ‘affirm that ‘I’ will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Use of Bibles Despite the First Amendment’s â€Å"Establishment Clause† guaranteeing the separation of church and state, incoming presidents traditionally take the oath of office while raising their right hands while placing their left hands on Bible or other books of special – often religious -- significance to them. John Quincy Adams held a law book, indicating his intention to base his presidency on the Constitution. President Theodore Roosevelt did not use a bible while taking the oath in 1901. After George Washington kissed the bible he held while taking the oath, most other presidents have followed suit. Dwight D. Eisenhower, however, said a prayer rather than kissing the Bible he was holding. Use of the Phrase ‘So Help Me God’ Use of â€Å"So help me God† in the presidential oath calls into question the constitutional requirement for separation of church and state. Enacted by the First U.S. Congress, the Judiciary Act of 1789 explicitly required â€Å"So help me God† to be used in the oaths of all U.S. federal judges and other officers other than the president. In addition, the words of the presidential oath — as the only oath specifically spelled out in the Constitution — do not include the phrase. While not required by law, most presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt have added the phrase â€Å"So help me God† after reciting the official oath. Whether presidents before Roosevelt added the words is a source of debate among historians. Some say that both George Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase, but other historians disagree. Much of the ‘So help me God’ debate hinges on the two manners in which the oath has been given. In the first, no longer used manner, the administrating official frames the oath as a question, as in â€Å"Do you Abraham Lincoln solemnly swear†¦,† which seems to demand an affirmative response. The current form of â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  demands a simple response of â€Å"I do† or â€Å"I swear.† In December 2008, atheist Michael Newdow, joined by 17 other people, plus 10 atheist groups, filed a lawsuit in the District Court for the District of Columbia against Chief Justice  John Roberts seeking to prevent the Chief Justice from saying â€Å"so help me God† in the inauguration of President Barack Obama. Newdow argued that the 35 words of the Constitution’s official presidential oath do not include the words. The District Court refused to issue an injunction preventing Roberts from using the phrase, and in May 2011, the U.S.  Supreme Court refused Newdows request to hear the case.   What About the Vice Presidents Oath? Under current federal law, the Vice President of the United States recites a different oath of office as follows: â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God.† While the Constitution specifies that the oath taken by the vice president and other government officials states their intention to uphold the Constitution, it does not specify the exact wording of the oath. Traditionally, the vice president’s oath has been administered by the Chief Justice on inauguration day on the floor of the Senate shortly before the president-elect is sworn in.

Telemachus’ Odyssey - 1218 Words

Through modern culture, most people are familiar with the whole storyline of The Odyssey. Odysseus leaves Troy and embarks on an epic journey filled with adventure and fantasy. However, most readers are unaware that there are actually two journeys that are unfolding simultaneously throughout Homer’s epic. Telemachus’ journey greatly differs from that of his father, Odysseus. While it might not be filled with as much adrenaline and adventure as his father‘s journey, Telemachus’ quest is certainly one that should be noted. It is the story of his coming-of-age. Telemachus greatly matures into a more capable young man. However it is debatable if he will every become the man that his father is. When the reader first encounters Telemachus†¦show more content†¦/ We have no strong Odysseus to defend us / and as to putting up a fight ourselves / we‘d only show our incompetence in arms. / Expel them, yes, if I only had the power.† (2. 62-66). At this point, he still only wishes he had the confidence and power to expel the suitors. The journey Telemachus takes to Nestor and Menelaus greatly influences him in Books Three and Four. When he speaks to them, a sense of greater maturity and confidence can be seen within him. For example when Menelaus offers him gifts to take back to Ithaca, Telemachus responds, â€Å" As for your gift, now, let it be some keepsake / Horses I cannot take to Ithaka / let me bestow them back on you, to serve / your glory here.† (4. 641- 644). This really impresses Menelaus and he compliments Telemachus of his excellent manners and how well-spoken that was. Both men reveal crucial information that they pass along to him. From Nestor, Telemachus learns about the events that occurred after the Trojan war. He is heartbroken to hear that everyone has made it home besides his father. Once again, the story of Agamemnon’s horrifying nostos is brought up to warn Telemachus of what could come t o pass if he does not act soon enough. Orestes had to â€Å"man up† to avenge his father. Telemachus needs to use him as a role model and learn how to defend himself and his mother. His presence from Ithaca must can only go unchecked for so long until the suitors seize control what is left of his father’s palace. When heShow MoreRelatedTelemachus in The Odyssey1340 Words   |  6 Pagespeople are familiar with the whole storyline of The Odyssey. Odysseus leaves Troy and embarks on an epic journey filled with adventure and fantasy. However, most readers are unaware that there are actually two journeys that are unfolding simultaneously throughout Homer’s epic. Telemachus’ journey greatly differs from that of his father, Odysseus. While it might not be filled with as much adrenaline and adventure as his father‘s journey, Telemachus’ quest is certainly one that should be noted sinceRead MoreThe Odyssey - Telemachus Journey1219 Words   |  5 P agesboy become a man? This rite of passage is explored in Robert Fagles translation of Homer s epic poem, The Odyssey. Odysseus (king of Ithaca) fought in the Trojan War for ten years and after the fall of Troy he spent the next ten years trying to get home. He left behind an infant son, Telemachus, and a devoted wife, Penelope. Although they longed for Odysseus return, Penelope and Telemachus were the perfect hosts to wayward strangers - even as their estate became overrun with arrogant suitors -Read MoreTelemachus s Development Of The Odyssey1797 Words   |  8 Pagesthe character Telemachus in the Odyssey All through the major books of The Odyssey, it nearly seems as if Telemachus is the dominant character because his father s introduction does not emanate until when Telemachus experiences an arousal to his accountabilities. The reader observes his struggles and fights with those suitors who have occupied his father s fortress-palace and with the support of Athena; he lastly starts to take charge of the circumstances. Even though  Telemachus certainly neverRead MoreTelemachus: the True Hero of the Odyssey2185 Words   |  9 PagesIn The Odyssey, the reader is easily able to distinguish that Odysseus is a hero in the story. He is a god-like figure. Odysseus’s wife, Penelope, is a hero and seen by many readers as such especially females. Both possess characteristics of heroes and they deserve to be considered such but that does not mean that they are the true hero of the story. Their son Telemachus is the true hero in The Odyssey. The reader should be able to identify with him the most and realize everything that has happenedRead More The Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey Essays890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey       The Odyssey was a great book in which many characters were brought out and developed.   The most significant development that occured in the epic was the development of Telemachus.   Telemachus is a very complex character that Homer develops from beginning to end.   From the beginning when is a mere shadow of his father to near the end in which he is considered just as courageous.   Many factors influence Telemachus as he matures intoRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Telemachus and The Odyssey by Homer Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesTelemachus In the beginning of The Odyssey, Telemachus is not yet a man and not sure of himself yet. Embarking on a mission to find his father, he matures from a child to a strong, single-minded adult. Throughout the poem, Telemachus finds his place in the world and becomes a more well-rounded person. Although Telemachus never quite matches his father Odysseus in terms of wit, strength, agility, his resilience does develop throughout the text. In the epic, The Odyssey, by Homer, the young boy TelemachusRead MoreTelemachus Change in the Odyssey Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Emergence of Telemachus’ Heroic Traits in the Telemecheia Joseph Campbell’s ten archetypal heroic traits appear in many literary protagonists. Physical strength, eloquence, leadership, and ties to supernatural forces are characteristics that are pervasive among heroes. King Gilgamesh, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, possesses the Campbellian traits of unmatched physical strength, confident leadership, and ties to gods. Whereas in the case of Telemachus in Homer’s Telemecheia, the youngRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Journeys of Odysseus’ and Telemachus’ in The Odyssey 863 Words   |  4 PagesOdysseus’ and Telemachus’ journeys or nostos were both very similar and different. They parallel each other in some ways but they are also completely different at other times. Telemachus starts as a younger, less mature boy, and without the presence of his father during his childhood, he becomes a timid, shy and spineless boy who is greatly pampered by his mother. He has even more to achieve, being the son of a world-famous father, and this is a very difficult reputation to live up to. His journeyRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey : Odysseus And His Son Telemachus1434 Words   |  6 Pagesand weakened. In The Odyssey both Odysseus and his son Telemachus go through rough times to experience their spiritual growth just as in psychology it is known that traumatic events or hardships also cause changes in our personality. Odysseus through the whole Odyssey was tested far more than anyone else. Beginning with him stuck on Calypso s island with everything but happiness while his true desire was simple to return home to his family. Homer started out showing Odyssey s mood and spiritsRead MoreTelemachus As Metaphors In The Odyssey1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey proves to be a metaphor for a man’s life through comparing the different characters present in the novel; Telemachus - the young - Odysseus - the middle-aged - and Laertes - the old. Telemachus, to begin with, is weak, left on his own by Odysseus’s unknown fate. â€Å"He would have left a great name for his son to inherit. But there was no famous end for him. He has left nothing but sorrow and tears† (31). Because of his father’s hazy outcome, Telemachus’s mother has been left in social

Thirty years ago, on October 8, 1967, gunfire echo Essay Example For Students

Thirty years ago, on October 8, 1967, gunfire echo Essay ed through a steepravine of the Andes Mountains in southern Bolivia. The guerrilla band ledby Ernesto Che Guevara a chief lieutenant in the Sierra Maestra, authorof a book on guerilla tactics, one-time president of Cubas National Bankand later Minister of Industries under Castro, and who renounced his Cubancitizenship and set off to devote his services to the revolutionary causein other lands was pinned down and surrounded by U.S.-trained BolivianArmy Rangers. Less than a year earlier, Guevara and a team of cadres hadsecretly traveled from Cuba to Bolivia to launch a guerrilla war, hoping totopple Bolivias pro-U.S. military government. Guevara had gone up into themountains with about 50 supporters. Within months they were discovered byBolivian troops and an intense pursuit started. Trying to escape thegovernment forces, Guevara divided his supporters into two groups, and wasnever able to reunite them. His diary records that, by late August, hisgroup was exhausted, demoralized and d own to 22 men. On August 31 the othergroup was ambushed and wiped out crossing a river. On September 26,Bolivian army units ambushed Ches remaining forces near the isolatedmountain huts of La Higuera. The guerrillas found no way out of theencirclement. Several died in the shooting. Guevara himself was wounded inthe leg. He and two other fighters were captured on October 8 and taken toan old one-room schoolhouse in La Higuera. The next day, October 9, ahelicopter flew in a man called Felix Ramos who wore the uniform of aBolivian officer. Ramos took charge of the prisoner. Two hours later, CheGuevara and both other guerrillas were executed. The weapons and equipment of the killers were American-made. TheBolivian officer who took Guevara prisoner had been trained at Fort Bragg at a U.S. school for army coups, murder and counterinsurgency. And the manin charge at the scene, Captain Ramos, was a veteran CIA field agent,Felix Rodriguez. For years, the U.S. government had armed the Bolivianmilitary and riddled it with their paid agents. As soon as Guevaras newguerrilla force was discovered, Washington sent new teams of CIA and GreenBerets killers into Bolivia including Rodriguez and his fellow Cuban-American agent, Gustavo Villoldo to assist the capture of Guevara anddestruction of his guerrilla band. U.S. transport planes arrived loadedwith more arms, radio equipment, and napalm. Rodriguez, who wasmasquerading as a Bolivian army captain, had previously led a CIA deathsquad in Vietnam (later, this same Felix Rodriguez would be personallyappointed by George Bush Sr. to be the key CIA operative at El SalvadorsIlopango Air Fo rce base during the 1980s, where Rodriguez oversaw the CIAsnotorious cocaine-for-arms air flights). Rodriguez and Villoldo became partof a CIA task force in Bolivia that included the case officer for theoperation, Jim, another Cuban American, Mario Osiris Riveron, and twoagents in charge of communications in Santa Clara. Rodriguez emerged as the most important member of the group. After alengthy interrogation of one captured guerrilla, he was instrumental infocusing the efforts of the 2nd Ranger Battalion on the Villagrande regionwhere he believed Guevaras rebels were operating. Although he apparentlywas under CIA instructions to do everything possible to keep him alive,it was Rodriguez who transmitted the order to execute Guevara from theBolivian High Command to the soldiers at La Higueras he also directedthem not to shoot Guevara in the face so that his execution wounds wouldlook like they were received in combat and personally informed Che thathe would be killed. It was Rodriguez who pocketed Che Guevaras wristwatchas a souvenir (which he often proudly showed to reporters during theensuing years) and flew Guevaras body to the nearby military base atVallegrande. Early on October 11, after cutting off Guevaras hands asevidence, the killers dumped his body in an unmarked grave nearVallegrandes airs trip where it was not discovered until June 1997. The theme of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace EssayHistorian Herbert S. Klein notes that a counterinsurgency policy tocombat internal subversion became a major theme of United States trainingfor the Bolivian army. In 1963 Argentine-trained Bolivian officersestablished the Center of Instruction for Special Troops (Centro deInstruccin para Tropas Especiales CITE) under the Seventh Division inCochabamba. In addition, by the end of 1963 Bolivia had more graduates fromthe United States Army Special Warfare School at Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina, than any other Latin American country. A total of 659 Bolivianofficers received training at the School of the Americas in 1962- 63, and20 of the 23 senior Bolivian officers attended or visited the school during1963-64. United States military aid increased from US$100,000 in 1958 toUS$3.2 million in 1964. This aid, which included weapons and trainingoutside Bolivia, enabled Paz Estenssoro to strengthen the army moreextensively than MNR leaders originally had intended. According to Klein,Paz Estenssoro constantly justified rearming the military to the UnitedStates as a means of preventing communist subversion.In March 1967, Bolivia became a prime target of Cuban-supportedsubversion when Ernesto Guevara and his tiny National Liberation Army(Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional ELN) launched their aforementionedguerrilla campaign. Despite its increased United States training, Boliviasarmy still consisted mostly of untrained Indian conscripts and had fewerthan 2,000 troops ready for combat. Therefore, while the army kept the 40-man guerrilla group contained in a southwestern area of the country, an 800-man Ranger force began training in counterinsurgency methods. Withcounterinsurgency instructors from the United States Southern Commandheadquarters in Panama, the army established a Ranger School in Santa CruzDepartment. By late July 1967, three well-trained and well-equippedBolivian Ranger battalions were ready for action. The armys increasedcapabilities and its decisive defeat of the legendary Cuban guerrillaleader enhanced its prestige. The fact that Barrientos vice president,Luis Adolfo Siles Salines, a conservative civilian, had to requestpermission from the military high command to assume his mandate afterBarrientos death in April 1969 indicated how powerful the army had becomeas an institution.

Impact Of The Social Media On The Workforce-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Social Media Influences Employee Engagement? What Influence Does Employee Engagement Have On Employee Performance? What Is The Influence Of Social Media On Employee Performance? Answer: Introducation The reason for the research is to dissect the effect of social media on employee performance. Social media has turned out to be a standout amongst the most effective medium and has affected the cutting edge associations in different ways. Be that as it may, there is part of organizations who are making the use of the social media to make upgrades in the employee performance (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013). It is vital that the communication channel inside an association is two courses as it helps in the change of the employee engagement and performance (Mishra, Boynton Mishra, 2014). It is seen that social media has helped in the expansion of the employee engagement in a considerable measure of associations (Huy Shipilov, 2012). Be that as it may, the immediate effect of the social media on the performance of an employee is as yet not completely known. Descriptive research has been utilized to recognize the actualities and to set up whether there is an effect of social media on emp loyee performance. The secondary data has been gathered from the different articles and websites which will help in assisting the investigation of the report. The research will be finished by testing of the data by shaping a hypothesis, systematic assessment of the data should be done to comprehend where there is any extent of the data or not. Research Methodology The descriptive research will be utilized to recognize the connection between the employee performance and social media. The research has no influence over the data that is accessible and will be utilizing data in view of articles and journals which have happened. There are a few data which has been procured through surveys and questionnaires which have made a sample population for the hypothesis testing. The research will utilize comparative techniques which will be utilized to recognize the criticalness of the variables that have been considered. The research will be making utilization of the quantitative investigation of the data to discover the criticalness of the population mean that has been obtained from the descriptive examination. The research will incorporate a two sample t-test which will be utilized to contrast the means with approving the suspicions that are made in the hypothesis. A basic examination of the theme needs to done to recognize the different points of view s o a legitimate conclusion can be accomplished by breaking down every one of the angles (Flick, 2015). Proposal Outline The proposal will incorporate the effect of the social media on workforces and how it has been utilized to affect the performance of the employees. In addition, the report will incorporate a basic examination of the effect of social media on employee engagement and performance to distinguish the logical inconsistencies and the steady certainties which will achieve a result. The report will endeavour to set up the way that social media significantly affects the performance of the employees by making an investigation of the basic assessment. The basic investigation will comprise of actualities which will help in shaping the premise of this research. The report will utilize the descriptive type of research which will incorporate the investigation of secondary data to discover the verifiable realities which can be utilized to frame the premise of this research. The report will finish up with the investigation of the data from different sources to recognize whether the effect is reliable or not. References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Huy, Q., Shipilov, A. (2012). The key to social media success within organizations.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(1), 73. Mishra, K., Boynton, L., Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), 183-202.